Typical situations where deep foundations are needed:
(a) Soft stratum on dense stratum,
(b) soft stratum extends to great depth with no underlying dense stratum,
(c) foundation is subjected to uplift force because of fluctuating groundwater table and freeze-thaw of pore water,
(d) foundation is subjected to horizontal load,
(e) the topsoil stratum is expansive or collapsible soil,
(f) foundation for highway signs and sound walls that are subjected to horizontal loads such as wind and earthquake,
(g) foundation is subjected to large vertical and horizontal loads,
(h) bridge foundation at scour zone,
(i) the topsoil stratum is susceptible to liquefaction.
🗃 Reference: Geotechnical Analysis and Design by Ming Xiao
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